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| STRETCH FORMING | FORMING PANELS AND COWLS OF LARGE CURVATURE BY STRETCHING SHEET OVER A FORM OF DESIRED SHAPE. |
| STRETCHER LEVELING | LEVELING SHEETS OF METAL BY GRIPPING AT BOTH ENDS AND STRETCHING THEM BEYOND THEIR YIELD STRENGTH |
| STRETCHER STRAINS | ELONGATED MARKINGS ON THE SURFACE THAT APPEAR WHEN DEFORMED JUST PAST THE YIELD POINT. |
| STRUCTURE | THE ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS: IN CRYSTALS, ESPECIALLY, THE SHAPE AND DIMENSION OF THE UNIT CELL, AND THE NUMBER, KINDS POSITIONS OF THE ATOMS WITHIN IT. |
| SUCK-IN | A DEFECT CAUSED WHEN ONE FACE OF A FORGING IS SUCKED IN TO FILL A PROJECTION ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE |
| SUPERALLOY | AN ALLOY DEVELOPED FOR VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE WHERE RELATIVELY HIGH STRESSES (TENSILE, THERMAL, VIBRATORY AND SHOCK) ARE ENCOUNTERED AND WHERE OXIDATION RESISTANCE IS FREQUENTLY REQUIRED. |
| T | |
| TELESCOPING | TRANSVERSE SLIPPING OF SUCCESSIVE LAYERS OF A COIL SO THAT THE ENDS OF THE COIL OR CONICAL VS FLAT. |
| TEMPER | USED GENERALLY TO MEAN HARDNESS OR TOUGHNESS. TEMPER CAN BE INDUCED BY COLD WORKING (COLD ROLLING), HEAT TREATMENT OR OTHER MEANS OF AGING. |
| TENSILE STRENGTH | ALSO CALLED "ULTIMATE STRENGTH". THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL WHEN SUBJECTED TO A TENSILE (STRETCHING) FORCE. EXPRESSED IN LBS OR TONS PER SQUARE INCH |
| TENSILE TEST | SEE TENSILE STRENGTH |
| TERNARY ALLOY | AN ALLOY THAT CONTAINS 3 PRINCIPLE ELEMENTS. |
| TERNE PLATE | SHEET STEEL, COATED WITH LEAD-TIN ALLOY. |
| TOLERANCE | PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM A SPECIFIED DIMENSION |
| TOOLING PLATE | A CAST OR ROLLED PRODUCT OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION OF THICKNESS OF 1/4" OR GREATER, AND WITH EDGES EITHER AS CAST, SHEARED OR SAWED, WITH INTERNAL STRESS LEVELS CONTROLLED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM STABILITY FOR MACHINING PURPOSES IN TOOL & JIG APPLICATIONS. |
| TORSION | A TWISTING ACTION RESULTING IN SHEAR STRESSES & STRAIN. |
| TOUGHNESS | ABILITY TO RESIST FRACTURING OR DISTORTION. |
| TRACE | EXTREMELY SMALL QUANTITY OF AN ELEMENT, USUALLY TOO SMALL TO DETERMINE QUANTITATIVELY. |
| TRANSFORMATION RANGE | TEMPERATURE RANGE OVER WHICH A CHEMICAL OR METALLURGICAL CHANGE TAKES PLACE. |
| TRANSVERSE | LITERALLY "ACROSS," USUALLY MEANING A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WORKING OR ROLLING. |
| TUMBLING | CLEANING ARTICLES BY ROTATING THEM IN A CYLINDER WITH CLEANING MATERIALS. |
| U | |
| ULTIMATE STRENGTH | SEE "TENSILE STRENGTH." |
| UPSETTING | 1) A METAL WORKING OPERATION SIMILAR TO FORGING 2) THE PROCESS OF AXIAL FLOW UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION OF METAL, AS IN FORMING HEADS ON RIVETS BY FLATTENING THE END OF WIRE. |
| V | |
| VACUUM MELTING | MELTING IN A VACUUM TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION FROM AIR AS WELL AS TO REMOVE GASES ALREADY DISSOLVED IN THE METAL: THE SOLIDIFICATION MAY ALSO BE CARRIED OUT IN A VACUUM OR AT LOW PRESSURE. |
| VENT MARK | A SMALL PROTRUSION ON A FORGING OR CASTING RESULTING FROM THE ENTRANCE OF METAL INTO A DIE OR MOLD VENT HOLES. |
| VIBRATED WOUND | SEE "OSCILLATED WOUND COILS" |
| VICKERS HARDNESS (TEST) | A HARDNESS TEST FOR METALS, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH EXTREMELY HARD SURFACES. IT USES A DIAMOND PENETRATOR. |
| W | |
| WASTERS | CARBON STEELS. DEFECTIVE SHEETS.. MAYBE THE ENDS OF LARGE COILS. |
| WATER HARDENING | HIGH CARBON STEELS THAT ARE WATER QUENCHED AFTER HEAT TREATING |
| WAVY | DEFECT. A SLIGHT OR SIGNIFICANT WAVE BEYOND STANDARDS SET FOR FLATNESS. |
| WEDGE SHAPED | A STRIP WHICH IS THINNER ON ONE SIDE THAN THE OTHER SIDE. ONE OF SEVERAL REASONS FOR CAMBER. |
| WELDING | A PROCESS OF JOINING TWO PIECES OF STEEL USING HEAT. |
| WORK HARDENING | SEE COLD WORKING. |
| WROUGHT IRON | IRON CONTAINING ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF OTHER ELEMENTS. IT IS MORE RUST RESISTANT FROM STEEL AND FORMS AND WELDS EASIER. |
| Y | |
| YIELD POINT | THE LOAD PER UNIT OF ORIGINAL CROSS SECTION AT WHICH, IN SOFT STEEL, A MARKED INCREASE IN DEFORMATION OCCURS WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN LOAD. ONLY CERTAIN METALS EXHIBIT A YIELD POINT. IF THERE IS A DECREASE IN STRESS AFTER YIELDING, A DISTINCTION MAY BE MADE BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER YIELD POINTS. |
| YIELD STRENGTH | THE STRESS AT WHICH A MATERIAL EXHIBITS A SPECIFIED DEVIATION FROM PROPORTIONALITY OF STRESS AND STRAIN. AN OFFSET OF 2% IS USED FOR MANY METALS. |
| YOUNG'S MODULUS | THE COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY OF STRETCHING. |
THE EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS ALLOYED IN CARBON, ALLOY AND STAINLESS STEELS CAN BE EITHER BENEFICIAL OR DETRIMENTAL DEPENDING ON BOTH THE QUANTITY OF THE ELEMENT OR ITS COMPANION ELEMENTS.
| ALUMINUM (Al) : | PROMOTES FINE GRAINS IN LOW-CARBON STEELS WHILE RETARDING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGE HARDENING. CONTRIBUTES TO THE PRECIPITATION HARDENING QUALITIES OF SOME STAINLESS STEELS. |
| CARBON (C) : | THE PRINCIPAL ALLOYING ELEMENT FOR THE STRENGTHENING AND HARDENING OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS, USUALLY WITH A SACRIFICE IN DUCTILITY. |
| CHROMIUM (Ch): | INCREASES HARDENABILITY AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF ALLOY STEELS. IMPROVES RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL CORROSION AND SCALING IN AIR AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. |
| COBALT (C) : | INCREASES STRENGTH AND HARDNESS AND PERMITS HIGHER QUENCHING TEMPERATURES. IT ALSO INTENSIFIES THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS OF OTHER MAJOR ELEMENTS IN A MORE COMPLEX STEEL. |
| COLUMBIUM (Cb) + TANTALUM (Ta): | USED IN COMBINATION. STABILIZERS FOR STAINLESS STEELS. |
| MANGANESE (Mn) : | A SULFIDE-FORMER THAT DECREASES THE TENDENCY TO CRACK DURING THE HOT-WORKING OPERATIONS. HARDENS CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS AND PROMOTES WELDABILITY. |
| MOLYBDENUM (Mo) : | INCREASES STRENGTH, HARDNESS, HARDENABILITY, AND TOUGHNESS AS WELL AS CREEP RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. IT IMPROVES MACHINABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND INTENSIFIES THE EFFECT OF OTHER ALLOYING ELEMENTS. |
| NICKEL (N) : | INCREASES STRENGTH AND HARDNESS WITHOUT SACRIFICING DUCTILITY AND TOUGHNESS. ALSO INCREASES RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND SCALING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. |
| PHOSPHORUS (P) : | INCREASES STRENGTH AND HARDNESS AND IMPROVES MACHINABILITY. HOWEVER IT ADDS MARKED BRITTLENESS OR COLD-SHORTNESS TO STEEL. |
| SELENIUM (Se) : | IMPROVES MACHINABILITY. |
| SILICON (Si) : | A DEOXIDIZER USED FOR "KILLING" STEELS RESULTING IN FINER GRAINS AND IMPROVED DUCTILITY. IMPROVES SCALING RESISTANCE OF STAINLESS STEELS. IMPARTS SPECIAL MAGNETIC PROPERTIES TO IRON BASE ALLOYS. SILICON ALSO STRENGTHENS LOW ALLOY STEELS. |
| SULFUR (Su) : | FORMS LOCALIZED EMBRITTLED STRIATIONS THAT IMPROVE MACHINABILTY WHILE DECREASING DUCTILITY AND IMPACT STRENGTH, PARTICULARLY IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION. DECREASES WELDABILITY. |
| TITANIUM (Ti) : | A CARBIDE-FORMER, IT STABILIZES STAINLESS STEELS TO PROMOTE WELDABILITY WITHOUT SACRIFICING CORROSION RESISTANCE. REFINES GRAINS IN CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS. |
| TUNGSTEN (W) : | INCREASES STRENGTH, HARDNESS, AND TOUGHNESS. TUNGSTEN STEELS HAVE SUPERIOR HOT-WORKING AND GREATER CUTTING EFFICIENCY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. |
| VANADIUM (V) : | FORMS FINE GRAINS AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEEP-HARDENING PROPERTIES OF ALLOY STEELS. |
| EMAIL: india@steelimpex.com | |
